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Naval Print
Battle of Trafalgar - 1805
The Battle of Trafalgar was fought on the 21st of October 1805 off Cape Trafalgar on the Spanish coast, between the combined fleets of Spain and France and the Royal Navy as part of the Napoleonic Wars. During the battle one of the most recognised English icons was killed and will forever be remembered – Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson as one of the many saviours of England and Britain.
In 1805, the first French Empire, under the dictator Napoleon Bonaparte was the dominant military power on the European Continent. The British Royal Navy controlled the seas. During the course of the war we British imposed a naval blockade on france, which affected trade and kept the french from truly mobilising their own naval resources. Despite several successful evasions of the blockade by the french navy, it failed to inflict a major defeat upon us British. We brits were able to attack french interests at home and abroad with relative ease.
When the third coalition declared war on France after the short-lived Peace of Amiens, Napoleon was determined to invade Great Britain. To do so he needed to ensure that the royal navy would be unable to disrupt the invasion flotilla, which would require control of the English Channel.
The main French fleets were at Brest in Brittany and at Toulouse on the Mediterranean coast. Other ports on the French Atlantic coast harboured smaller squadrons. France and Spain were allied, so the Spanish fleet based in Cadiz and Ferrol was also available.
The British possessed an experienced and well-trained corps of naval officers. By contrast, most of the best officers in the French navy had been either executed or dismissed from the service during the early part of the French Revolution. As a result, Vice-Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve was the most competent senior officer available to command Napoleon's Mediterranean fleet. However, Villeneuve had shown a distinct lack of enthusiasm for facing Nelson and the Royal Navy after the defeat at the Battle of the Nile.
Napoleon's naval plan in 1805 was for the French and Spanish fleets in the Mediterranean and Cadiz to break through the blockade and join forces in the West indies. They would then return, assist the fleet in Brest to emerge from the blockade, and together clear the English Channel of Royal Navy ships, ensuring a safe passage for the invasion barges.
The battle was the most decisive British naval victory of the war. Twenty-seven British ships of the line and led by Lord Nelson aboard HMS Victory defeated thirty-three French and Spanish ships of the line under Admiral Pierre Villeneuve of the south west coast of Spain, just west of cape Trafalgar.
It was also the last great sea action of the period and its significance to any invasion of England by the French and Spanish was ended and helped in the dominance of the Seas by us British for over 100 years. The Franco-Spanish fleet lost twenty-two ships, without a single British vessel being lost.
The British victory spectacularly confirmed the naval supremacy that Britain had established during the past century and was achieved in part through Nelson's departure from the prevailing naval tactical orthodoxy, which involved engaging an enemy fleet in a single line of battle parallel to the enemy to facilitate signaling in battle and disengagement, and to maximise fields of fire and target areas. Nelson instead divided his smaller force into two columns directed perpendicularly against the larger enemy fleet, with decisive results.
Nelson was mortally wounded during the battle, becoming one of Britain's greatest war heroes. The commander of the joint French and Spanish forces, Admiral Pierre de Villeneuve, was captured along with his ship Bucentaure and the Spanish admiral Federico Gravina escaped with the remnant of the fleet, and succumbed months later to wounds he sustained during the battle.
Only eleven ships escaped to Cádiz, and of those, only five were considered seaworthy. Under Captain Julien Cosmao, they set sail two days later and attempted to re-take some of the British prizes; they succeeded in recapturing two ships, and forced Collingwood to scuttle a number of his prizes. The four van ships which escaped with Dumanoir were taken on 4 November by Sir Richard Strachan at the Battle of Cape Ortegal.
When Rosily arrived in Cádiz, he found only five French ships, rather than the 18 he was expecting. The surviving ships remained bottled up in Cádiz until 1808, when Napoleon invaded Spain. The French ships were then seized by the Spanish Forces and put into service against France.
HMS Victory made her way to Gibraltar for repairs, carrying Nelson's body. She put into Rosia Bay, Gibraltar and after emergency repairs were carried out, returned to England. Many of the injured crew were brought ashore at Gibraltar and treated in the Naval Hospital. Men who subsequently died from injuries sustained at the battle are buried in or near the Trafalgar Cemetery at the south end of main street, Gibraltar.
British Ships at the Battle of Trafalgar
Ship No of Guns Commander Killed/ (Weather Column) Wounded VICTORY 100 Capt Thomas Masterman HARDY 57/102
TEMERAIRE 98 Capt Eliab HARVEY 47/76
NEPTUNE 98 Capt Thomas Francis FREEMANTLE 10/34
LEVIATHAN 74 Capt Henry William BAYNTUN 4/22
BRITANNIA 100 Capt Charles BULLEN 10/42
CONQUEROR 74 Capt Israel PELLEW 3/9
AFRICA 64 Capt Henry DIGBY 18/44
AGAMEMNON 64 Capt Sir Edward BERRY 2/8
AJAX 74 Lieut John PILFORD 2/9
ORION 74 Capt Edward CODRINGTON 1/23
MINOTAUR 74 Capt Charles John Moore MANSFIELD 3/22
SPARTIATE 74 Capt Sir Francis LAFOREY 3/20 (Lee Column) ROYAL SOVEREIGN 100 Capt Edward ROTHERAM 47/94
BELLEISLE 74 Capt William HARGOOD 33/93
MARS 74 Capt George DUFF 29/69
TONNANT 80 Capt Charles TYLER 26/50
BELLERPHON 74 Capt John COOKE 27/123
COLOSSUS 74 Capt James Nicoll MORRIS 40/160
ACHILLE 74 Capt Richard KING 13/59
DREADNOUGHT 98 Capt John CONN 7/26
POLYPHEMUS 64 Capt Robert REDMILL 2/4
REVENGE 74 Capt Robert MOORSOM 28/51
SWIFTSURE 74 Capt William Gordon RUTHERFORD 9/8
DEFIANCE 74 Capt Philip Charles DURHAM 17/53
THUNDERER 74 Lieut John STOCKHAM 4/12
DEFENCE 74 Capt George HOPE 7/29
PRINCE 98 Capt Richard GRINDALL 0/0 EURYALUS 36 Capt Hon Henry BLACKWOOD
NAIAD 38 Capt Thomas DUNDAS
PHOEBE 36 Capt Hon. Thomas Bladen CAPELL
SIRIUS 36 Capt William PROWSE
PICKLE (Schooner) 10 Lieut John Richards La PENOTIERE
ENTREPRENANTE 8 Lieut Robert Benjamin YOUNG The rightmost column above gives the numbers of killed and wounded in each
ship of the Fleet. These figures have been extracted from "The Royal Navy - A History" by Sir Wm Laird CLOWES Volume 5 page 131.
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The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about. We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery.
Copyright © 2010 Paul Hussey. All Rights Reserved.
About the Author
My family tree has been traced back to the early Kings of England from the 7th Century AD. I am also a direct descendent of Sir Christopher Wren which has given me an interest in English History and Icons which is great fun to research.
I have recently decided to write articles on my favourite subjects: English Sports, English History, English Icons, English Discoveries and English Inventions.
At present I have written over 200 articles which I call "An Englishman's Favourite Bits Of England" in various Volumes.
Please visit my Blogs page http://Bloggs.Resourcez.Com where I have listed all my articles to date.
Copyright © 2011 Paul Hussey. All Rights Reserved.
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